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| 文章出处： 发布时间：2006-05-10 |
Passage Four
International ocean shipping constitutes a highly significant aspect of world economic and political relationships. The rapid growth in world trade and the emergence of new national entities in the last 30 years have further emphasized the role of international shipping. Because of the generally free environment in which it has operated, the industry is highly mobile and flexible—characteristics that, together with technological progress, have facilitated the rapid growth in world trade.
In recent years, however, there have been several technological and institutional developments that are likely to have major efforts on the industry. One of the latter is the aggregation of conventions and practices known as the Law of the Sea, which has been discussed in the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea since 1958. The third UNCLOS began in 1974 and concluded when a treaty was issued on April 30, 1982. The treaty will enter in force when 60 nations have ratified it. How soon that will happen is, of course, not possible to say. What can be said is that a new legal structure governing the oceans appears to be evolving, with traditional principles giving way to new concepts. Since the environment in which an industry operates determines its structure and mode of operations, international shipping has been molded by the conventional principles governing the use of the oceans as highways and will be affected by shifts in the international climate and changes in the Law of Sea.
Ocean shipping, as we know it today, has developed under the concepts of “freedom of the seas” and limited territorial waters with the rights of “innocent passage.” Clearly, a new Law of the Sea derived from a reinterpretation of these concepts will significantly change the atmosphere in which the shipping industry operates and, accordingly, dictate revised policies and practices for both industry and public authorities. Minimally, ship operations must consider changes in the definitions of what constitutes the high seas. They must consider the corresponding changes in the jurisdiction of shipping lanes and coastal and open waters; compliance with rules for environmental protection; and vessel traffic controls in some areas.
46. According to the author, international ocean shipping ______.
A. has benefited a lot from international cultural communication
B. is under strict national and international control
C. has strict and stable rules
D. is playing a major role in the growth of world trade
47. Conference on the Law of the Sea is hosted by ______.
A. the United Nations
B. the World Bank
C. the European Committee
D. the World Trade Organization
48. The 1982 treaty on Law of Sea will enter into force ______.
A. on April 30, 1982
B. in no time
C. after a certain number of countries have joined in it
D. when it has been accepted by most countries in the world
49. The author believes that ______.
A. the conventional principles emphasis the climate of the oceans
B. the conventional principles determine the structure of international shipping in the future
C. the conventional principles will be replaced by the new ones
D. the conventional principles are out of date now
50. The most proper title for this passage is ______.
A. The Changing Industry of International Shipping
B. The New Law of the Sea
C. International Shipping In Thirty Years
D. New Principles Governing International Shipping
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